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The wild man (also wildman, or "wildman of the woods", archaically woodwose or wodewose) is a mythical figure that appears in the artwork and literature of medieval Europe, comparable to the satyr or faun type in classical mythology and to ''Silvanus'', the Roman god of the woodlands. The defining characteristic of the figure is its "wildness"; from the 12th century they were consistently depicted as being covered with hair. Images of wild men appear in the carved and painted roof bosses where intersecting ogee vaults meet in the Canterbury Cathedral, in positions where one is also likely to encounter the vegetal Green Man. The image of the wild man survived to appear as supporter for heraldic coats-of-arms, especially in Germany, well into the 16th century. Renaissance engravers in Germany and Italy were particularly fond of wild men, wild women, and wild families, with examples from Martin Schongauer (died 1491) and Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) among others. ==Terminology== The first element of ''woodwose'' is usually explained as from ''wudu'' "wood", "forest". The second element is less clear. It has been identified as a hypothetical noun '' *wāsa'' "being", from the verb ''wesan'', ''wosan'' "to be", "to be alive".〔Robert Withington, ''English Pageantry: An Historical Outline'', vol. 1, Ayer Publishing, 1972, ISBN 978-0-405-09100-1, (p. 74 )〕 The Old English form is unattested, but it would have been '' *wudu-wāsa'' or '' *wude-wāsa''. Terminology in the Middle Ages was more varied. In Middle English, there was the term ''woodwose'' (also spelled ''wodewose'', ''woodehouse'', ''wudwas'' etc.).〔OED, "Woodwose"〕〔 ''Wodwos''〔perhaps understood as a plural in ''wodwos and other wylde bestes'', as singular in ''Wod wose that woned in the knarrez''〕 occurs in ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' (ca. 1390).〔(Representative Poetry Online, ANONYMOUS (1100-1945) ), ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'', line 720〕 The Middle English word is first attested in the 1340s, in references to the "wild man" decorative artwork popular at the time, in a Latin description of an embroidery of the Great Wardrobe of Edward III,〔''diasprez [perhaps: embroidered [http://books.google.ch/books?id=cAIOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 per totam campedinem cum wodewoses'']〕 but as a surname it is found as early as 1251, of one ''Robert de Wudewuse''. In reference to an actual legendary or mythological creature, the term is found in the 1380s, in Wycliffe's Bible, translating (LXX δαιμόνια, Latin ''pilosi'') in Isaiah 13:21〔''ther shuln dwelle there ostricchis & wodewoosis''; KJV "owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance there").〕 The occurrences in ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' date to shortly after Wycliffe's Bible, to ca. 1390.〔Hans Kurath, Robert E. Lewis, Sherman McAllister Kuhn, ''Middle English Dictionary'', University of Michigan Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-472-01233-6, p. 285〕 Old High German had ''schrat'', ''scrato'' or ''scrazo'', which appear in glosses of Latin works as translations for ''fauni'', ''silvestres'', or ''pilosi'', identifying the creatures as hairy woodland beings.〔 Some of the local names suggest connections with figures from ancient mythology. Common in Lombardy and the Italian-speaking parts of the Alps is the term ''salvan'' or ''salvang'', which derives from the Latin ''Silvanus'', the name of the Roman tutelary god of gardens and the countryside.〔 Similarly, folklore in Tyrol and German-speaking Switzerland into the 20th century included a wild woman known as ''Fange'' or ''Fanke'', which derives from the Latin ''fauna'', the feminine form of ''faun''.〔 Medieval German sources give as names for the wild woman ''lamia'' and ''holzmoia'' (or some variation);〔Bernheimer, p. 35.〕 the former clearly refers to the Greek wilderness demon Lamia while the latter derives ultimately from Maia, a Greco-Roman earth and fertility goddess who is elsewhere identified with Fauna and who exerted a wide influence on medieval wild-man lore.〔 Slavic has ''leshy'' "forest man". Various languages and traditions include names suggesting affinities with Orcus, a Roman and Italic god of death.〔 For many years people in Tyrol called the wild man ''Orke'', ''Lorke'', or ''Noerglein'', while in parts of Italy he was the ''orco'' or ''huorco''.〔Berheimer, pp. 42–43.〕 The French ogre has the same derivation,〔 as do modern literary orcs. Importantly, Orcus is associated with Maia in a dance celebrated late enough to be condemned in a 9th- or 10th-century Spanish penitential.〔Bernheimer, p. 43.〕 The term was usually replaced in literature of the Early Modern English period by classically-derived equivalents, or "wild man", but it survives in the form of the surname ''Wodehouse'' or ''Woodhouse'' (see Wodehouse family). "Wild man" and its cognates is the common term for the creature in most modern languages;〔Bernheimer, p. 42.〕 it appears in German as ''wilder Mann'', in French as ''homme sauvage'' and in Italian as ''uomo selvatico'' "forest man".〔Bernheimer, p. 20.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「wild man」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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